CONTENTS

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1 　Introduction
　1.1 　About this manua
　1.2 　About large irrigation specifics

2　 Imigation waterneeds and supply
　2.1 　Water sources and water availability
　2.2 　Irrigation water need and supply

3 　Hydrological and sediment transport bases
　3.1 　Introduction — presenting of the task
　3.2 　Overview
　3.3 　Analyses
　　3.3.1 　Available discharge
　　3.3.2 　Flood discharge
　　3.3.3 　Un-gauged catchment
　　3.3.4 　Rainfall-runoff modelling
　　3.3.5 　More details on unit hydrograph (UH)
　　3.3.6 　Flood frequency analyses
　3.4 　Hydrometric measurements
　　3.4.1 　Measuring weir
　　3.4.2 　Stage-discharge method
　　3.4.3 　Salt-gulp method
　　3.4.4 　Bucket method (not appropriate for large-scale irrigation schemes)
　　3.4.5 　Float method
　　3.4.6 　Current meters
　　3.4.7 　Automated measurements
　3.5  　Sediment control in the catchment
　3.6  　Sediment at intake (suspended load and bed load)
　　3.6.1 　General
　　3.6.2 　Stream-morphological influences upon solid matter transport
　　3.6.3 　Measurement of amounts of suspended matter and bed load

4 　Topology, geology and geomechanics bases
　4.1 　Topographic surveys
　4.2 　Geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical investigations
　　4.2.1 　Geology
　　4.2.2 　Engineering geology
　　4.2.3 　Hydrogeology
　　4.2.4 　Seismology
　　4.2.5 　Important features
　　4.2.6 　Geotechnical investigations

5 　Planning of the diversion and intake structure
　5.1 　Reguirements to be met by weir or intake structure
　5.2 　Principles for the arrangement of the intake structure on the river
　　5.2.1　 Use of physicallaws
　5.3 　Technical measures
　5.4 　The main types of intake structures and their elements
　　5.4.1 　General
　　5.4.2 　Lateral intake with damming-up of the rivei
　　5.4.3　 Lateral intake without damming
　　5.4.4 　Bottom intake (tyrolean or caucasian intake)
　　5.4.5 　Selection criteria
　　5.5 　Settling basin or sand-trap

6 　River diversion
　6.1 　Weirs (components)
　　6.1.1 　Cofferdams
　　6.1.2 　Weir
　　6.1.3 　Issues of weir foundations on permeable soils
　　6.1.4 　Weir-hydraulic design -worked example
　　6.1.5 　Weir or barrage-structural design
　6.2 　Water intake
　　6.2.1 　Lateral intakes (side)
　　6.2.2 　Bottom withdrawal (tyrolean/caucasian)
　　6.2.3 　Sand trap or settling basin
　6.3 　Worked example-hydraulic calculation
　　6.3.1 　Example calculation: Tyrolean intake
　　6.3.2 　Example calculation: collection canal
　　6.3.3 　Example calculation: spillway on the sil (O_1/100)
　　6.3.4　 Example calculation: stilling basin after sil (O_1/100) 
　　6.3.5.　 Example calculation: settling basin (Qi)
　　6.3.6　 Example calculation: spillway from settling basin (O_max)
　　6.3.7 　Example calculation: silt outlet (Q_out)
　　6.3.8 　Example calculation: duty flow outlet(Q_min)
　6.4 　Spillways
　　6.4.1 　Spillway types
　　6.42　 Data for spillway design
　　6.4.3　 Detailed hydrologic data
　　6.4.4 　Detailed hydraulic data — suppor of hydraulic design
　　6.4.5　 Selection criteria and procedure
　　6.4.6 　Design methodology
　　6.4.7 　Hydraulic problems (see hydraulic design criteria)
　　6.4.8 　Control gates
　6.5 　Outlet works
　　6.5.1 　Classification (components)
　　6.5.2 　Inlet and outlet channels
　　6.5.3　 Intakes (of outlet works)
　　6.5.4 　Control structure
　　6.5.5　 Conveyance structure
　　6.5.6　 Terminal structures
　　6.5.7　 Hydraulic problems and their prevention
　6.6　 Energy dissipators
　　6.6.1 　Energy dissipation on spilways
　　6.6.2 　Ski-jump and flipbucket
　　6.6.3 　Stilling basins
　　6.6.4 　Downstream erosion
　　6.6.5 　Dissipation at bottom outlets

7 　Conveyance structures
　7.1 　Canals
　　7.1.1 　Types of open channels
　　7.1.2 　Types of open channel flow
　　7.1.3 　State of flow
　　7.1.4 　Seepage in canals and field channels
　　7.1.5 　Materials for lining canals and field channel
　　7.1.6 　Preferable velocities incanals
　　7.1.7 　Optimising canal dimensions
　　7.1.8　 Channels concluding remarks
　　7.1.9 　Spillways along the conveyance
　7.2 　Pipelines
　　7.2.1 　Pipeline hydraulic
　　7.2.2 　Loads in Pipes
　　7.2.3　 Placement considerations
　　7.2.4 　Economic considerations
　　7.2.5 　Hydro-static calculation
　　7.2.6 　Checking the pipe on the outer load
　　7.2.7 　Concrete cladding
　7.3 　Tunnels
　　7.3.1 　Design oftunnels
　7.4 　Drop structures
　　7.4.1 　Vertical drop structures
　　7.4.2 　Vertical drop structures-worked example
　7.5 　Culverts
　7.6  　Transitions
　7.7  　Special structures
　7.8  　Spreadsheet model
　　7.8.1 　Data
　　7.8.2 　Model
　　7.8.3 　Examples from Iranian conveyances
　7.9 　Pumping stations (basice)
　　7.9.1　 Pumps
　　7.9.2 　Pump calculation
　　7.9.3 　Pump`sumps
　　7.9.4　 Pump surges
　7.10 　Other aspects

8 　Standard specification for irigation construction material
　8.1　 Introduction
　8.2 　Bricks
　　8.2.1 　General
　　8.2.2 　First class bricks
　8.3 　Aggregates　
　　8.3.1　 General
　　8.3.2　 Coarse aggregate
　8.4 　Stone aggregate
　8.5 　Storage of coarse aggregate
　8.6 　Fine aggregate
　8.7　 Impurities
　8.8 　Grading
　8.9 　Cement
　8.10　 White cement
　8.11 　Admixture
　8.12 　High strength deformed steel bar
　8.13 　Water
　8.14 　Strength test for concrete
　8.15 　Cement mortar
　8.16 　Earth fling
　　8.16.1 　.Description
　　8.16.2 　Materials
　8.17 　Geo-textiles
　8.18 　Gabion specification
　8.19 　Waterstops

9 　Water management, operation and maintenance
　9.1 　Watermanagement
　　9.1.1 　Imigation watermanagement
　　9.1.2 　The main type ofirigation systems in Afghanistan
　　9.1.3 　Some key points forimprovements of irigation management
　　9.1.4　 Managing the irrigation project
　9.2 　Operation and maintenance (O&M)
　　9.2.1 　Operation services and ts objective
　　9.2.2 　Maintenance services and ts objective
　　9.2.3 　O&M organizational structure
　　9.2.4 　Budgeting of 0&M

10 　Annex 1 — Hydrology and sediment control
　10.1 　Erosion control within catchment
　10.2 　Small scale engineering techniques

11 　Annex 2 — Useful hydraulic formulae
　11.1 　Geometry or hydraulics
　　11.1.1 　Box culvert
　　11.1.2　Circular section
　　11.1.3　Trapezoidal section
　　11.1.4　Composite orcomplex trapezoidal section
　　11.1.5　Horseshoe section
　11.2　 Hydraulics and hydrology
　　11.2.1　Critical depth
　　11.2.2　Drop structure
　　11.2.3　Stilling basin or hydraulic jump
　　11.2.4　Mamning’s equation
　　11.2.5　Darcy-weisbach eguation
　　11.2.6　Spillway
　　11.2.7　Outlet
　　11.2.8　 Velocity gradient
　　11.29　 Wave height or freeboard
　　11.2.10　 Aeration
　　11.2.11　 Skijump
　　11.2.12 　Hydrology-flood peak
　11.3 　Pumps
　11.4 　Waterhammer
　11.5 　Hydropower
　11.6 　Manual: Installing and using myfnc2.xla
　　11.6.1　Useful hydraulic formulae

12 　Annex3—Cropwat8.0usermanual
　12.1　 Introduction
　12.2 　Blaney criddle method
　12.3 　CROPWAT 8.0 and CLIMWAT 2.0 software user manual

13 　Annex 4 -Standard code and specification foririgation design and work
　13.1 　Code and standard
　13.2 　American Soclety for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards used inthis manual
　13.3 　0therstandard used in this manual
　13.4 　Standard specifcation for irrigation construction works
　　13.41 　Brick masonry and brick works
　13.5 　Concrete work
　　13.5.1 　Description
　　13.5.2 　Materials
　　13.5.3 　Concrete classe
　　13.5.4　 Ouality control of concrete
　　13.5.5 　Concrete construction
　　13.5.6　 Conveying concrete
　　13.5.7 　Depositing concrete under wate
　　13.5.8 　Compaction ofconcrete
　　13.5.9　 Protection of concrete from adverse conditions.
　　13.5.10 　Curing of concrete
　　13.5.11 　Materials
　　13.5.12　 Concrete finishin
　　13.5.13 　Factory-made pre-cast concrete clements
　　13.5.14 　Stone masonry
　　13.5.15 　Random rubble stone masonry
　　13.5.16 　Plum orcyclopean concrete
　　13.5.17 　Sheet piles
　13.6 　Miscellaneous
　　13.6.1 　Cement
　　13.6.2 　Steel
　　13.6.3 　Concrete joints
　　13.6.4 　Defects normally observed in execution of RCC work
　　13.6.5 　Defects normally noticed inform work
　　13.6.6　 Common defects noticed in brick work
　　13.6.7 　Common defects noticed instone masonry
　　13.6.8 　Checklist for ensuring guality for RCC work
　　13.6.9　 Check list for guality of brick work
　　13.6.10　 Check listforstone masonry work
　13.7 　Quality control and qualty aseurance plan for irrigation construction material(indian standard)
　　13.7.1　 Introduction
　　13.7.2　 Sampling of bicks 1S: 5454-1978)
　　13.7.3　 Coarse aggregate for concrete
　　13.74　 Fineaggregateforconcrete
　　13.7.5　 Fine aggregates for stone masonry, brick masonry, pointing, and plastering
　　13.7.6　 Water
　　13.7.7　 Schedule for sampling and testing of backfilling or embankment
　　13.7.8　 Testforbricks
　　13.7.9　 Stone for stone masonry stone pitching, rip rap,and gabion woks
　　13.7.10 　Mid steel bars
　　13.7.11　 High strength deformed bars (CD, Tmt)
　　13.7.12 　Cement (OPC- 53 grade)
　　13.7.13 　Wire forgabion works
　　13.7.14 　Mix design including trial mix and acceptance criteria for concrete
　　13.7.15　 RCC and PCC work acceptance criteria
　　13.7.16　 Mortars for masonry, plastering and pointing work acceptance criteria

14 　Amnex 5- Special stuctures
　14.1 　Barrages-structural design
　 14.1.1　Flow chart for structure analysis of weir and side walls
　 14.1.2　Example of barage design
　14.2 　RCC agueduct design
　　14.2.1　 Agueduct flow chart
　　14.2.2 　Aqueduct design example (one span)
　　14.2.3　 Abutment or retaining wall design example
　　14.2.4 　Agueduct design example (3 spans) by software (Tower)
　14.3 　Canal siphon design
　　14.3.1　 Canal siphon design example
　　14.3.2 　Siphon design flow chart
　　14.3.3 　Example of siphon design
　14.4 　Superpassage design
　14.5 　Superpassage design flow chart
　14.6　 Example of superpassage design
　14.7 　Retaining wall design
　　14.7.1 　Type of retaining walls
　14.8 　Design flow chart of retaining wall
　14.9 　Example of retaining wall design
　14.10 　Canal drop (fall) design
　14.11 　Stilling basin design flow chai
　14.12 　Example of drop design (non-submerged flow)
　14.13　 Cascade drop
　14.14　 Example of cascade design
　14.15　 Canal sediment trap design
　14.16　 Site selection
　14.17 　Canal sediment trap flow chart
　14.18　 Example of sediment trap design
　14.19　 Duckbill spillway design
　　14.19.1　 Design of duckbill spillways
　14.20　 Duckbill spillway flow chart
　14.21 　Example of duckbill spillway design

15 　Useful links and resources

16　 Literature

17 　Document control